As an amateur naturalist I have a curiosity to know how things work. In college I once saw the chemical reactions involved in photosynthesis laid out on a large poster. This all-important method plants use to make food for themselves (and ultimately us) was incredibly complex and took up half the wall. It is so complex that it’s tempting to simply say that plans bring in carbon dioxide and water, add sun energy, then a miracle happens and out comes oxygen and food. This is true but let me attempt to elaborate on the miracle part.

Many sayings or colloquialisms are centuries old but still in common use today. Most of them originated in Europe and have surprising beginnings.

Armed to the teeth: In Scotland the ruler “Bonnie Prince Charlie” was preparing for war and sent out word to his captains to gear up for battle, and rendezvous at a place near the Teeth River. His message was “Come armed to the Teeth”. Another theory is that pirates of Jamaica in the 1600s wanted to maximize their weaponry and would carry a flintlock in each hand and a knife in their teeth, hence the phrase.

Violets are very abundant this time of year and are probably the most common and the easiest to identify family of spring wildflowers in our area. You can find them about anywhere, even in your yard unless you’re a grass purist that uses herbicides.

Wild violets typically have heart shaped leaves that are blunt toothed along the edge. The flowers have five petals arranged so that two point upward and three down, with the lower middle petal sticking out a little longer than the others to provide a landing zone for pollinating insects.

Every season a pair of bluebirds nest under the eve of my house, which I allow because I enjoy having them around. They are pretty things with an appetite for insect pests. Also their song sounds like they are quietly cooing at their young and is very relaxing to hear. The first sighting of bluebirds is considered by many to be a sign of Spring.

The recent Artemus flight put the spotlight on the Moon, which for centuries has fascinated us humans with speculations about conditions there, such as: that it’s a very dry world; that it has Earth-like mineral soil; that weathering doesn’t occur because the lunar surface is in a vacuum, and the like. Information retrieved from the Lunar Prospector probe launched to the Moon several years ago, along with long term study of lunar rocks retrieved from the Apollo missions, has turned up some interesting facts.

By Steve Roark
Volunteer Cumberland Gap National Historical Park

With spring comes the urge to work in the yard and plant things. This often involves going to a garden center and buying plants alien to our area. Some of them can escape your yard through seed dispersal and grow where they are not wanted, negatively impacting local forest ecosystems. So if you get the itch to plant a tree, consider seeking out native plants to use in landscapes.

After a long bleak winter, it is wonderful to see wildflowers in the spring, foretelling of warmer weather and the return of color to the forest. The earliest wildflowers bloom, such as Hepatica, Trout-lily, Bloodroot, Spring-beauty, Toothwort, Mayapple, and Trillium, are called "ephemerals", meaning "lives for a day". They all bloom for a very short period when it's still cool weather. And because they are strictly insect pollinated this could be a problem, since insect activity is minimal in the early spring. Enter our hero: the Bumblebee.

A bonus for getting out into the woods in early spring is enjoying those wildflowers that bloom while everything else is still asleep and dead looking. There is a short period when the ground warms a little and the forest floor is still receiving full sun when these early flowers, called ephemerals, manage to grow, bloom, produce seeds, and then die back in a short timeframe. To pull this off they have a growth cycle backwards from most other plants.

If you paid attention in health class you know that our body needs to move materials around to function properly, such as oxygen. The transportation system is the bloodstream, which utilizes red blood cells as a bucket brigade, going to the lungs via veins to pick up oxygen, and carrying it to various body locations via arteries. A tree has similar needs and also uses a liquid transportation system.

While several hawk species migrate, the red-tailed hawk stays around all year and is the most common one seen. They prefer to hang out in open fields near woodland edges. Seeing a red tail gliding across the sky and hearing their high-pitched cry gives one a pleasing dose of wildness.